BODY COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE VARIABLES DURING A NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION DIVISION I WOMEN’S SOCCER SEASON (Poster Presentation)
Ryan P. Alexander, Christopher J. MacDonald, Michael A. Israetel, Christian R. Carter, Adam L. Sayers, Deborah Brereton, Michael W. Ramsey, Hugh S. Lamont, and Michael H. Stone
Because of the complexity of the physiological demands placed on players, conditioning and practice for soccer must develop a full range of physical performance variables concomitantly with skill development. As part of an athlete monitoring program, the purposes of this research were to (a) measure the changes in body composition and performance in standardized, soccer-relevant testing that occur during a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I soccer season and (b) document Session RPE-Training Loads (S RPE-TL) week-by-week to determine possible effects of training load on possible accumulation of fatigue during the competitive season. Twenty-two outfield soccer players were tested PRE and POST season to measure the effects of a competitive season (14 weeks) training load on physical performance variables (i.e. vertical jump height and strength) and body composition. Players showed a significant increase from PRE vs. POST in body mass and lean body mass, 59.15 kg vs. 60.56 kg and 46.31 kg vs. 47.80 kg, respectively. Isometric strength measures significantly increased in peak force production, instantaneous force at 50, 90, and 200 ms during the mid-thigh pull (p < 0.05) and there was a significant decrease observed in the 20kg counter-movement jump height (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that a collegiate competitive season negatively effects speed and power production in collegiate soccer players while strength lean muscle mass can be maintained or improved. S RPE-TL showed a decline in implemented training loads, evidence that multiple outside variables may contribute to accumulation of fatigue during a collegiate competitive season. Implementation of monitoring programs can lower the risk of overtraining and accumulation of fatigue during competitive seasons.
ACUTE POSTACTIVATION POTENTIATION USING ISOMETRIC AND DYNAMIC MID-THIGH CLEAN PULLS IN TRAINED WEIGHTLIFTERS, POWERLIFTERS, AND SPRINT CYCLIST (Poster Presentation)
Ashley A. Kavanaugh, Michael, A. Israetel, Kimitake Sato, Hugh S. Lamont, and Michael H. Stone
Countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ) performance may be acutely facilitated via potentiation (PAP) due to central and peripheral factors. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of two methods of PAP in trained weightlifters (n=16); group 1: stronger (n=7) and group 2: weaker (n=9) upon unweighted countermovement jumps (CMVJs) over a 15 minute time period. METHODS: A series of maximal unweighted CMVJs were performed prior to, then at, 30, 60, 120, 180, 300, 480, 660, 780, and 900 seconds following two conditions: isometric mid-thigh clean pulls (C1) and dynamic mid-thigh clean pulls (C2). Dependent variables included, jump height (JH, cm), peak power (PP, W), peak velocity (PV, m·s-1), and peak force (PF, N). RESULTS: A series of repeated measures ANOVA: conditions (2); time points (10); groups (2) were performed on JH, PP, PV, and PF (p>.05). Significant main effects for JH existed by condition (C1>C2) (p=.001, ES=.571, 1-β=.979, mean diff=.053cm), group (G1>G2) (p=.018, ES=.339, 1-β=.702, mean diff=.053), and time (60s>900s, 120s>900s, 180s>900s) (p=.014, ES=.148, 1-β=.910).Within subjects main effects for JH were seen for the stronger group for JH by condition (C1>C2) (p=.055, ES=.757, 1-β=.947, mean diff=.053cm), and weaker group by condition (C1>C2) (p=.025, ES=.487, 1-β=.676, mean diff=.054cm). Significant main effects existed for PP by condition (C1>C2) (p=.000, ES=.631, 1-β=.995, mean diff=427.9W), group (G1>G2) (p=.008, ES=.405, 1-β=.819, mean diff=1660.1W), and time (60s>480s, 60s>660s, 60s>780s, 60s>900s>120s>900s, 180s>480s, 180s>660s, 180s>780s) (p=.000, ES=.355, 1-β=1.00, mean diff=240.1W ).Within subjects main effects for PP were seen for the stronger group for condition (C1>C2) (p=.055, ES=.761, 1-β=.951, mean diff=516.8W), and time (120s>900s) (p=.000, ES=.471,1-β=.999, mean diff=319.5W). In the weaker group; significant main effects by condition (C1>C2) (p=.025, ES=.485, 1-β=.672, mean diff=339.1W) and time (120s>900s, 180s>480s, 180s>900s, 300s>900s) (p=.003, ES=.281, 1-β=.963, mean diff=319.5W). Significant main effects were seen for jump PV by condition (C1>C2) (p=.001, ES=.536,1-β=.962, mean diff=.177 m·s-1), group (G1>G2) (p=.022, ES=.320, 1-β=.665, mean diff=.298m/s) and by time (60s>900s, 120s>900s, 180s>900s) (p=.016, ES=.145, 1-β=.904). Within subjects main effects for jump PV in the stronger group by condition (C1>C2) (p=.007, ES=.727, 1-β=.911, mean diff=.165m/s), and time (120s>900s) (p=.036, ES=.269, 1-β=.840, mean diff=.073 m·s-1). In the weaker group there were significant main effects for jump PV by condition (C1>C2) (p=.028, ES=.474, 1-β=.654, mean diff=.188 m·s-1). A significant main effect for jump PF by group (G1>G2) (p=.014, ES=.363, 1-β=.747, mean diff=647.0N) and time (60s>baseline) (p=.05, ES=.122, 1-β=.824, mean diff=71.0N) was seen. Within subjects, a significant main effect for jump PF in the weaker group by time (60s>780s) (p=.012, ES=.247, 1-β=.919). There were no significant interactions for any of the dependent variables (p >.05). CONCLUSION: Isometric mid-thigh clean pulls appear to have a greater potentiating effect than dynamic mid-thigh pulls on PP and PV during subsequent CMVJ0’s, and stronger weightlifters tend to have a more favorable response to both conditions. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Whole-body isometric movements may be a more effective at eliciting a potentiation response than dynamic movements in strength and power athletes.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES IN NCAA DIVISION I FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERS UPON ENTERING A COLLEGIATE PROGRAM (Oral Podium Presentation)
Christopher J. MacDonald, Michael A. Israetel, Howard S. Gray, Ryan P. Alexander, Adam L. Sayers, Debs Brereton, Christian R. Carter, Satoshi Mizuguchi, Hugh S. Lamont, Michael W. Ramsey, and Michael H. Stone
The quantification of sport training and competition (or monitoring) is vital to the process of producing successful sport programs. Additionally, this process of monitoring is vital to the players’ individual progress throughout their careers. PURPOSE: To identify the initial relationships of sport related attributes for NCAA Division I female soccer players upon entrance to their present program. Additionally, establishing normative data illustrating the physical qualities of female college soccer players is a key first step in identifying characteristics that may relate to superior performance and/or the avoidance of injury as well as providing the coaching staff with pertinent, individualized athlete data so as to better plan, program, and execute training. METHODS: 27 female soccer players volunteered (height = 164.70 ± 6.05 cm; body mass = 62.01 ± 5.78 kg; body fat percentage = 23.15 ± 4.52 %; lean body mass = 47.59 ± 4.68 kg) for data analysis. Testing consisted of anthropometrics, hydration, static (SJ) and countermovement vertical (CMJ) jumps (loaded and unloaded conditions; test-retest ICCα (CMJ height) = 0.98 (n = 200) and ICCα (SJ height) = 0.96 (n = 200)), and isometric mid-thigh pulls (IsoPulls; measure of maximal force production; test-retest ICCα (isometric peak force) ≥ 0.98 (n > 200) and ICCα (isometric rate of force development) ≥ 0.95 (n > 200)). Measures assessed during jumps included; height (cm), peak force (N), peak velocity (m∙s-1), peak power (Watts), net impulse (N∙s), force at peak power (N), and velocity at peak power (m∙s-1). Measures assessed during the IsoPulls included: peak force (N), time to peak force (ms), instantaneous force at 50 ms (N), instantaneous force at 90 ms (N), instantaneous force at 250 ms (N), peak force normalized to body mass (N∙kg-1), and peak force allometrically scaled (N∙(kg-0.67). For each athlete, data sampled was only from the athlete’s initial testing session upon entry into the women’s soccer program. A Pearson’s Product-Moment correlation matrix was generated and one-tailed tests of significance were performed (p ≤ 0.05, a priori). RESULTS: Lean body mass was moderately correlated with peak force produced in IsoPulls (r = .481; (p ≤ 0.05), as well as forces and powers produced during loaded and unloaded jumping (r = .336 – .553; (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Lean body mass was the only statistically significant correlate of IsoPull peak forces and this is ultimately important because the athlete’s ability to produce force (during IsoPulls) correlates strongly to many performance variables (dynamic strength, speed, etc.). It is plausible body composition is one of the most centrally important, predictive variables in incoming soccer players. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The identification of anthropometric and athletic attributes in college soccer players can provide important information as to the present state of the athlete and act as a baseline for future monitoring. Inclusion of both isometric and dynamic based performance tests into a monitoring program is needed to highlight essential performance characteristics which can be tracked over time.
Well done to all the individuals who contributed to this work. The above abstracts will be published in an upcoming supplement of the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.
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